Measuring and controlling apparatus



Feb. 22, 1938. J. D. RYDER MEASURING AND CONTROLLING APPARATUS Filed March 51, 1954 4 Shegts-Sheet l m H 9 7 lv 5 7 nu 4 I i m E J 2 m 2 9 B W m M m A4 2 0% m i w 3 a 6 2 V o 3 ru 9 w M 3 v 3 z 7. 3 4 2 H MW. 9 m 2 a z INVENTOR John D. Ryder BY 'rm Y Feb. 22, 1938. J, D, RYDER 2,109,222

MEASURING AND CONTROLLING APPARATUS Filed March 31, 1934 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 J J N N J r J INVENTOR John D. Ryder- B Feb. 22, 1938. D RYDER 2,109,222

MEASURING AND CONTROLLING APPARATUS Filed March 31, 1934 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR John DR cier- Feb. 22, 1938. J.- D, RYDER 2,109,222

MEASURING AND CONTROLLING APPARATUS Filed March 31, 1934 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR John D. Ryder BY Patented F eb. 22, 1938 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE John D. Ryder, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, aasignor toBa-ileylletercom Delaware parry, a corporation of Application M31, 1934, Serial No. 718,427

The present invention relates to apparatus for measuring and/or controlling the magnitude of a variable quantity, quality or condition, and particularly such variables as temperature, pressure, rate of fluid flow, etc., although the variable may be of any chemical, electrical, thermal, physical or other nature or characteristic.

According to the invention, I produce an electrical eilect varying in known proportion to the magnitude, or to the variation in magnitude, of a variable whose magnitude or variation from predetermined value Ldesire to measure and/or control. Such electrical effect may be a small force such as an electromotive force produced by a thermocouple, and may be magnified to any desired degree to perform useful work. The electrical eflect may be representative of the difference in magnitude of two independent variables, whereby the magnitude of one of the independgo eat variables may be determined and/or controlled.

A primary object of my invention is to provide a measuring apparatus capable of exhibiting variations in the actual magnitude of a condition or 25 variable substantially instantaneously with the occurrence of such variations and so that an observer will be advised of the magnitude of the condition at any time existing, and not of the magnitude which existed at some time previously, 30 except insofar as such condition might be recorded for permanent record. In other words, to avoid a time delay between the occurrence of a change in magnitude and the presentation of such change for observation upon a measuring g5 instrument or as applied to control apparatus.

One object of the invention is to provide apparatus and arrangement of the character referred to, wherein the deflections of a galvanometer or other sensitive device may be utilized in 40 the control of reversing motors for recording and/or controlling.

Another object is to provide measuring apparatus wherein no appreciable work is required of the galvanometer, millivolt meter, milliammeter 45 or other instrument deflecting in accordance with variations in the electrical eflect indicative of changes in the magnitude of the condition. I preferably use in my preferred embodiment of the invention the null method of galvanometer- 5o potentiometer circuit, although such is not essential to the operation of the invention.

A still further object is to provide apparatus of this type, wherein. a variable to be measured is continuously recorded, in contradistinction to measuring apparatus at present in commercial usage which is of the periodically actuated or step-by-step type wherein the value of the variable or condition is indicated or recorded only periodically and not continuously. Such improvement predicates the substantially instantaneous advising of the value of variables as compared to the introduction of a time delay in waiting for periodic mechanisms to be actuated.

An important object of the invention is the inclusion of an anti-hunting means tending to allow maximum speed of control with a minimum of overtravel or hunting.

A further object is to so arrange the control circuit that control of either a floating or positioning characteristic may be obtained.

Still further objects will become apparent from the drawings and the description relating thereto in connection with preferred embodiments which I have chosen as representative, and wherein variable temperature in the operation of a heating furnace is measured and controlled.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic arrangement of apparatus and electric circuit embodying the invention in connection with the measurement of a temperature of a heating furnace.

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic arrangement of apparatus and circuit similar to Fig. 1 for recording on a single chart a plurality of temperatures of a heating furnace.

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic showing of an embodiment of the invention in connection with the control of the heating of a furnace from a representation of a temperature thereof.

Fig. 4 shows a modification of the arrangement of Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 illustrates in diagrammatic fashion the recording of a temperature within a heating furnace and the control of the heating of the furnace.

Fig. 6 is a sectional elevation to enlarged scale of an air pilot valve incorporated in the general showing of Fig. 5.

Referring first to Fig. 1, I therein illustrate an embodiment of my invention wherein the temperature of a metallurgical or other heating furnace I is measured for instantaneous reading on an index and for recording upon a continuous record chart. Fuel is supplied to the furnace through a burner 2 in well known manner. At 3 I indicate a thermocouple sensitive to temperature located within the furnace, and which temperature is to be indicated and recorded.

Primarily, when there is a deviation in temrecording, indicating or controlling. My invention, in general, contemplates an improved electrical circuit for causing a substantial amplification of the electrical eifect of the thermocouple, sensitive to and representative of the temperaure within the furnace, and where such amplification may be utilized for remotely or locally recording, indicating and/or controlling variable factors in the operation of the furnace.

I have illustrated the thermocouple 3 as having its hot junction located within the furnace. By the term hot junction it is to be understood that I mean that junction of the thermocouple which is exposed to the temperature it is desired to evaluate, regardless of whether that temperature is of a greater or lesser magnitude than the room or reference temperature to which the other junction of the thermocouple circuit is normally exposed, and which I term for simplicity the cold junction.

The electrical efiect obtained through the thermocouple 3 indicative of variations in the temperature within the furnace, is utilized in a potentiometer circuit, as will be explained hereinafter, for positioning a sensitive galvanometer. A beam of light is reflected from a small mirror carried by the galvanometer element onto a photocell for the control of thermionic or electron discharge devices whereby the minute electrical efiect in the galvanometer circuit is amplifled or magnified. The magnified effect then controls an electro-magnetic device such as a reversing motor which is used as an amplified power means for positioning an indicator and recording member for advising the value of the temperature or temperature change.

I show at 4 a motor having opposed windings, 5 and 6, connected in an alternating current circuit and opposedly wound in a manner such that when the windings 5 and 6 are equally energized, a rotor I is not urged to rotate in either direction; but when the windings are unequally energized, rotation of the rotor I will occur in predetermined direction and at a speed dependent upon the unbalance of the energization of the windings. Carried by the rotor I for angular positioning thereby, is an indicator arm 8 adapted to cooperate with an index 9 and comprising a marking means arranged to form a continuous record upon a chart l0, driven at a uniform speed by a clock motor II. The assembly comprising the motor 4 and indicating-recording means is adapted to advise the value of the temperature to which the thermocouple 3 is sensitive.

Upon a variation in temperature at the thermocouple 3, I effect an angular displacement of the rotor 1 directly proportional to the variation in the thermocouple potential through unbalancing the energization of the field windings 5, 6 in a manner to be explained.

The field windings 5, 5 are connected in parallel across an alternating current power source i2;

and differentially in the primary circuit of transformers l3, l4 respectively; the current flow for energization of 5, 6 being controlled by varying the impedance of the primaries upon variation in the current fiow through the related secondaries. The secondaries are connected respectively in circuit with electronic discharge devices l5, l6 and the arrangement is such that if one of the devices l5, I6 is passing current and the other is not passing current, then one of the field coils 5, 6 is energized and the other is de'energized, so that the rotor 'l is caused to rotate continuously at maximum speed in a given direction. If, however, both the devices i5, i6 are passing current in equal amounts, then the field windings 5, 6 are energized in equal amount and the rotor i is no. urged to rotation in either direction. This is a condition which exists when temperature at the thermocouple 3 is steady and does not vary from a previous condition. Immediately upon a variation or change in the temperature, however, the conditions become unbalanced to an extent wherein one of the field coils 5, 6 is energized to agreater extent than the other, and the rotor 'l is caused to rotate in predetermined direction and at a speed dependent upon the amount of unbalance of the field coil energization.

When the rotor 1 moves, it positions the marking pointer 8 and simultaneously positions a contact arm I! relative to a slide-wire resistance l8 connected in the potentiometer circuit for rebalancin'g the galvanometer circuit after it has departed from a balanced condition. It will be understood that the rotor 'l is provided with the necessary speed reducing gearing to move the pointer 8 and contact arm I! at a relatively low speed. As such gearing provision is well known and understood, I have not felt it advisable to complicate the drawings by such detail.

In the circuit of the thermocouple 3 I utilize the well known zero balance or null method. In accordance with this method, the potential developed by the thermocouple is balanced against the fall of potential through a portion of the slidewire potentiometer I8 having a resistance of known length and value per unit of length. Upon a change in potential developed by the thermocouple, a galvanometer IS in the circuit indicates by the movement of a mirror 20 a departure from balance and effects indirectly a movement on the slide-wire potentiometer whereby a balance of potential is again effected. A constant drop of potential is maintained across the slide-wire potentiometer resistance by means of a suitable current source 2| and a calibrating resistance 22, and it is evident that the amount or length of resistance necessary to balance the potential generated by the thermocouple will then be proportional to that potential and may, by suitable calibration, be used to determine its magnitude and, correspondingly, the magnitude of the temperature to which the thermocouple is sensitive.

At 23 I indicate a light source whose rays pass through a suitable optical system 24 to fall upon the mirror 20 of the galvanometer and from the mirror be reflected onto a photocell 25. The potentiometer-galvanometer circuit including the thermocouple 3, the potential source 2 I, the slidewire resistance l8, and the galvanometer l9, cooperate to apply to the photocell 25 light varying in intensity from no light to full light. The photocell 25 is connected in circuit with an electronic discharge device 26 for controlling the output of the devices l5, Hi to vary the impedance of the secondaries of the transformers l3, H for the purpose previously mentioned.

When there is no light falling on the photocell 25, then it conducts no current. The terminal 21 and the grid of 26 are connected to the terminal 23 through a relatively high resistance 23. The filament of 26 is connected to a voltage divider 2333 at terminal 3|. During the halfcycle in which the plate of the device 26 is'positive, point 33 is positive and point 23 is negative. Then 23 is negative with respect to 3i and the filament or 26; or the grid of 23 is negative with respect to 3| and the filament of 26, so that device 26 does not carry current.

The photocell 26 is connected to the voltage divider at 32 which is positive with respect to both 23 and 31, so that if there is light on the cell it carries current proportional to the light. This current flowing through the resistance 23 produces a voltage opposite to the voltage of 23-3i and makes terminal 21 less negative than formerly, thereby allowing current to flow through 26.

This current flows from 33 through the resistances 36, 36, through the electron discharge device 26 to the terminal 3]. The flow of current through the resistances 36, 36 produces a voltage drop, thereby rendering terminal 36 less positive than it was. In other words, terminal 36 is negative with respect to 31; 31 is negative with respect to 36, while with no current flow they are all at the same voltage.

Now the grid of i6 is connected to the voltage divider at 33, which is negative with respect to 33 by enough to stop l3 from ca y n current when there is no flow through 36; 31 then being at the voltage of 36.

So we have the condition, with no light, no current flow through device 26, that 33 is at the voltage of 31, and current flows through II, but 33 is negative with respect to 33 and 31 and no current flows through l6.

But with light falling on the photocell 26, current fiows through 26; 36 is made negative with respect to 31 and current flow through 16 stopped; but 31 is made negative with respect to 36, or 33 is made positive with respect to 31; this positive voltage 33--31 neutralizes the negative voltage set up in 33-33, and that makes the grid of device l6 less negative, allowing current to flow through l6.

So when no light is effective upon the photocell 26, the electronic discharge device 16 passes current and the device l3 does not. when a maximum of light falls upon the photocell 26 then the device 13 passes current but device I! does not. At all intermediate values of light the two devices l6, l6 pass proportionate amounts of current and proportionately or diiferentially vary the impedance of the secondaries of transformers l3, I6, resulting in a corresponding variation in energization of the field windings 6, 6 and if the energization of the windings is unbalanced then a rotation of the rotor 1 in predetermined direction and at a speed depending upon the amount of unbalance.

The current through the device l6 flows from the filament to the terminal 31A through the small resistance 33 and secondary of the transformer l3 to the plate or anode of i6. This provides a voltage across 33. Likewise current of the device l6 produces a voltage across 33. Now the resistors 33 and 33 are connected in series in the galvanometer circuit so that the voltages across 33 and 33 add algebraically.

Ifthenthecurrentsthroughdevices l6 and ii are equal, the net voltage 63- is zero. If 16 carries current and i6 is shut oil. then there is a voltage 63-61, and vice versa an opposite voltage.

Thisvoltageisappliediobuckthethermocouple voltage and prevents the galvanometer from overswinging while at the same time allowing it to return to neutral when the motor 6 stops andbothdevices l6, i6arecarryingequalcurrent.

Itwiilbeseenthatanyvariationintemperaturewithinthefurnace l willresultinapotentiai change in the thermocouple circuit, causing the galvanometer mirror 23 to swing from neutralposition andallowmoreorleslighttobe eifective upon the photocell 26, resulting in a rotation of the motor 6 in predetermined direc: tion with substantially instantaneous response and great speed of action and entirely free from the time lag introduced through the now known apparatus based on periodic feeling mechanisms of a mechanical nature.

Movement of the motor 6 is not only accomplishedinproperdirectiontorecordthechange in temperature in the furnace l and to rehalance the potentiometer-galvanometer circuit through shifting of the contact 11 over the slidewire 13, but such action is accomplished at a speed dependent upon the magnitude of the temperature variation. Thus if the temperature suddenly varies to a considerable degree, the resultant movement of the pointer 3 and of the contact arm i1 is correspondingly fast. I have found that with the apparatus and circuit described I am able to cause the pointer 3 to move completely across the recording chart in a very few seconds or substantially instantaneously to follow any temperature change to which the thermocouple may be sensitive.

InFig.2Ishowhaslcallythesamecircuit arrangementasinflg. l,exceptthatherein1 provide for recording on a single chart l3 two temperatures of the furnace I to which thermocouples 3 and 62 respectively are sensitive.

At 63 I indicate a constantly rotating motor driving a cam 66 through the gearing 66 and adapted to periodicallyreciprocateaswitchbar 66 for periodically opening and closing certain circuits in the electrical system. At 61 I indicate an alternating current motor similar to the motor 6 and having opposed field windings 63, 63 and a rotor 63. The rotor is adapted to position a pointer arm 6| relative to the index 3 and recording chart l3 and simultaneously adapted to position a contact arm 62 relative to a slide-wire resistance 63, all in manner similar to the system of motor 6.

In general the arrangement is such that duringhalfthecycleofthecamflthetherniocouple 3 is connected to the potentiometer circuit for control of the motor 61 and through the alternate half-cycle of the cam 66thethermocouple 62 is connected to control the motor 6. Thus at definite intervals the pointer 6l-will be positioned responsive to variations in temperature at 62 and at alternate intervals the pointer 3 will be podtioned responsive to any variations in temperature at the thermocouple 3. During the half-cycle of the cam 66 when the pen 6| may change its position upon the chart 3, the pen 3 will tend to draw a circle, but inasmuch as the period of rotation of the cam 66 is a matter of seconds, the result on the chart II will be two graphs of temperature at the locations 3 and 62 without visible indication of any period oi time during which the pens are incapable of being shifted relative to the chart.

It will be readily observed that I have illustrated four contact fingers pivoted to the switch bar 46 and each of the four are pivoted at one end to an electric terminal, the arrangement being such that vertical reciprocation of the bar 45 will cause thefree end of each contact finger to move from one to another of two possible engageable contacts. For example, in the shown position of the cam 45 the thermocouple 42 is connected to the terminal and the slide-wire contact arm I1. Also the transformers I3, I4 are connected to the field windings 5, 5.

In the alternate position of the cam 45 the thermocouple 3 is connected to the terminal 40 and the slide-wire contact 52 while the transformers I3, I4 are connected to the field windings 48, 49. Thus when the thermocouple 3 is connected into the potentiometer circuit the field windings of the motor 41 are connected to the circuit of the transformers I3, I4 so that any variation in temperature at the thermocouple 3 will be indicated by the pointer 5|.

The fact that each time a thermocouple and its corresponding motor are brought into service there also is a rebalancing of the circuit through movement of the corresponding slide-wire, means that a minimum change or movement of the motor is required when next it is connected into the circuit. The movement will amount only to that representative of the change of temperature in the meantime at that thermocouple.

. In Fig. 3 I have illustrated the basic arrangement of circuits of Figs. 1 and 2, except that I herein am controlling the supply of fuel to the burner 2 rather than recording the temperature at the thermocouple 3, although I might if desired additionally connect a recording mechanism into the circuit of Fig. 3 equally as well. I illustrate a fuel control valve 54 adapted to be positioned by a motor 55 in desired direction and at difierent speeds of regulation. The motor 55 is shown as having direct current field energization and comprising two armatures mounted on the same shaft and so wound as to oppose each other in rotation. If equal currents flow through the two armatures no rotation of the shaft results, whereas any unbalance in current flow through the two armatures results in shaft rotation in a predetermined direction and at a speed dependent upon the magnitude of unba1- ance.

The armatures are connected in an alternating current circuit controlled by electronic discharge devices 56, 51 and receive pulsating direct current resulting from the half-way rectiflcation by the devices 55, 51 of the alternating current.

From the circuit of Fig. 3 I have omitted, for the sake of simplicity, the anti-hunting resistances 38, 39 although it will be understood that these may be added if desired. I show the transformers I3, I4 as in the previous illustrations, and it will be understood that with the secondary of such a transformer open, all current flowing through the primary is the magnetizing current in the primary and that is at approximately lag with respect to the voltage, which means that the grid of the device 56 or of the device 51 is approximately 90 out of phase, lagging with respect to the current, and the plate-filament circuit of the electronic discharge device pmes practically no current. I have previously explained how the primary arrangement of the circuit varies the current flow through the secondaries of the transformers I3, I4 dependent upon the amount of light reaching the photocell 25. As I vary the current in the secondary of one of the transformers I3, I4, I draw an inphase component of current in the primary which, added to the magnetizing current, vectorially produces a change in phase of the primary current and that through a resistance 58 or 59 produces a corresponding change in phase of the grid voltage of the electronic discharge device 51 or 56 respectively. Such change in phase varies the turning-on point of the device for each halfcycle of the alternating current, and thereby determines the current flow to each of the two armatures of the motor 55.

Thus it will be seen that dependent upon the amount of light reaching the photocell 25, the current flow through the transformer secondaries I3, I4 will vary, and inductively the current flow through the primaries of the transformers will also vary, resulting in a change in phase of the voltage on the grids of the electronic discharge devices 51, 56 controlling the motor armatures 55. If the phase of the voltage on the grids of the two devices is the same, then the same current reaches both armatures and the motor is not urged to rotation. If the current flow in the secondaries of the transformers I3, I4 is not equal, then such inequality is reflected in the phase of the grids of devices 51, 55 and the current flow in the armatures of the motor 55 is unbalanced, and differentially the motor will rotate in predetermined direction and at a speed dependent upon the. amount of unbalance."

The thermocouple 3 connected in a potentiometer circuit of which I8 represents the slidewire, governs the movement of the galvanometer I9 and thereby the amount of light reaching the photocell 25. I illustrate in Fig. 3 the slide-wire contact arm I1 being movable by hand to a position representative, relative to the index 60, of the temperature I desire to maintain at the thermocouple 1.v If the temperature at the thermocouple 3 departs from the desired value, then the potentiometer circuit becomes unbalanced, the galvanometer I9 moves the mirror 20, resulting in a change in throttling positioning of the valve 54. This is what is known as a floating control arrangement, wherein there is no definite relation between the position of the contact arm I1 representative of temperature and the position of the valve 54. The arm I1 is manually moved relative to the slide-wire I8 and the index 60 to a temperature which is desirably to be maintained at the thermocouple 3. Thereafter any departure from such temperature results, as previously described, in positioning of the valve 54, and such positioning or throttling of the valve will continue so long as the actual temperature at 3 is not that which is desired.

In Fig. 4 I illustrate what is known as a geared control arrangement wherein there is a fuel supply valve position for every temperature and in common and well known manner the range may be varied through adjustment such as the resistance 22. That is, the circuit may be so calibrated that full travel of the fuel regulating valve 54 may be accomplished for only a small variation in temperature relative to a predetermined temperature, or for a relatively wider variation in temperature. I show the shaft SI of the motor 55 not only adapted to position the valve 54 but extended to engage and position the contact arm I1 so that there will be a corretion, or for every temperature. The arrangement is such that for every movement of the shaft 6| to vary the fuel supply there is a corresponding movement of the arm ll over the slide-wire ll in-a balancing or follow-up direction.

In Fig. 5 I show an adaptation of the primary circuit of my invention to the alternate recording and control of the temperature at the thermocouple 3. Periodically I make the motor 4 effective for indicating the temperature at the thermocouple 3 upon the index I and recording it on the chart l6. Alternately periodically I make the reversing motor 62 effective for positioning the fuel supply valve 64A. The frequency of these alternations may be such that there is, to all intents and purposes, a continuous recording on the 'chart I! of the temperature, and a continuous, substantially simultaneous control of the fuel valve "A. In other words, I have substantially a simultaneous recording and controlling of the temperature within the furnace I.

The motor 43 connected across the power source I! runs continuously and drives a cam 64, through gearing 63, to periodically reciprocate thereby, a switch bar 66 adapted to move three contact bars about pivoted ends to alternately connect each of the bars to either of two circuits. In the shown position, the galvanoineter I9 is connected to the terminal ll, while the primaries of the transformers II, II are connected to two conductors 66, 61.

In the alternate position of reciprocation of the switch bar 65, the galvanometer I! is connected to a source of potential 66, while the primaries of the transformers", M are connected to the two fields of a reversing motor 69.

- The motor 43 continuously drives a cam ll,

through gearing 1|, to periodically reciprocate a switch bar 12 of a type similar to 65. The cam 10, however, is preferably of a difl'erent shape than the cam 64, and the speed of the gearing ll may be different than that of the gearing 63. The lowermost contact bar reciprocated by the cam 10, is connected to one terminal of the thermocouple 3. The other two contact bars are connected to the conductors 66, 61. In the shown position, the thermocouple 3 is connected to a slide wire contact arm I3, while the conductors 66,61 are connected respectively to the fields ll, 15 of the motor 62. In the other position of reciprocation, the thermocouple is connected to the slide wire contact arm ll of the motor 4, while the conductors 66, 61 are connected respectively to the fields 5 and 6 of the motor I. Thus, through one-half of the cycle of the cam HL the thermocouple 3 and the transformers l3, H are connected to record the temperature upon the chart I0, while during the other half cycle of the cam 10, they are connected to the control motor 62 for positioning the fuel supply valve 54A.

I will now explain the control, by fluid pressure means, of the regulating valve 54A from a positioning of the rotor 16 by the motor 62. The rotor 16 angularly moves an arm 11, at one end comprising a contact finger 13, while at the other end is pivotally suspended a link I6 comprising a pilot moved vertically relative to a pilot casing 19 for control of air under pressure admitted to the casing 19 from a source of. supply (not shown). The novel features of the pilot valve assembly provide a fluid pressure to control the valve 54A, dependent upon the axial positioning of the pilot stem II and in turn upon the positioning of the rotor 16.

Airunderpressureadmittedtothecasing'll from the source, leaves the casing 16 through a pipe I. to a metallic bellows ll, spring opposed, for positioning the valve A. The throttled position of the valve A in the fuel supply line is then proportionate to the pressure effective withinthebellowsll andinturntothepressure supplied to the outlet of the pilot I, in turn controlled by the positioning of the rotor 16.

I show at Fig. 6, the arrangement and construction of the pilot valve assembly in section and to enlarged scale.

Asiscommoninthisart,thepilot comprises a stem II having enlargements I! known as lands, positioned axially in the pilot casing ll relative to ports for controlling the passage of air or other desirable pressure fluid. Air under pressure is admitted to the interior of the pilot casing I! from a point of supply and the positioning therein of the pilot I6 controls air pressure in the discharge pipe 66; -Within the casing II are sleeva 63, 6| recessed slightly at joining points 65, to provide a thin, annular port adjacent the upper of the two lands 62 and which port communicates by proper passages with the outlet pipe 66.

The land 62 is shown as spherical, although it may be formed of any desired contour such as conical or slow tapered. This pilot has a num- .ber of features which distinguish it clearly from those pilot valves now known in the art which are generally of a type controlling the quantity of fluid through the related ports and are usually of a type which must be returned, either through movement of the pilot stem or of the pilot sleeve, to a shutoff position in order that the functioning of the device as a whole will be accomplished in desired manner. The present pilot is in the nature of a positioning device, giving a definite loading pressure at the port 65 and the outlet pipe 60 for each axial position of the pilot stem 18 rather than a quantity control of flow through the port.

With a constant bleed of air past the lands .2 to the atmosphere and full supp y pressure at the interior of the sleeve between the lands, there will be a definite gradation of pressure from the space 66 interior of the sleeves and surrounding the stem 16, to the point of least clearance between the lands 8! and the sleeves, namely, the point of greatest diameter of the lands 6!.

Surrounding the upper land in the shown position is the narrow outlet or discharge port 66 which may be only a few thousandths of an inch in a diameter axial to the assembly. A definite air-pressure will exist in the port 65, depending upon the axial positioning of the adjacent land I! and for every point of such positioning (upward in Fig. 6) until full pressure of the space 66 is effective at 66.

The control of pressure fluid by the pilot is in the nature of supplying to the bellows II a pressure accurately depending upon the axial positioning of the pilot within the casing and wherein such pressure-position relation may be deflnitely controlled by the shaping of the land 62. Certain features of the pilot valve and fluid pressure control system are disclosed and claimed in the co-pending application Serial No. 658,376 of Clarence Johnson, flied in the U. 8. Patent Oflice Feb. 24, 1933, and having the same assignee as the present invention, now Patent No. 2,054,464.

In will be readily understood that the rotor 16 is caused to move when there are changes in the temperature at the thermocouple 3 and such movement results in a variation of air pressure within the metallic bellows 8! for positioning the fuel valve 54A. The contact arm I3 is moved relative to the slide wire resistance 81 for balancing the potentiometer circuit.

In order that'I may vary the predetermined desirable temperature to be maintained at the thermocouple 3, I arrange adjustable means for moving the motor 62 and the slide wire resistance 81 as a whole relative to a fixed point and relative to the pilot casing 19. I provide that the motor 62 and slide wire resistance 81 be mounted upon a base 88 in a manner pivoted substantially around the center of the rotor 18 and capable of rotation around such center through the agency of a screw 89 threaded through fixed parts. I may desirably calibrate the base 88 relative to the screw 89 so that I can move the same to an indicated desirable temperature to be maintained at the thermocoupie 3 and vary such predetermined temperature as desired through turning the screw 89.

As the cam 10 rotates for approximately 180 of its rotation, the thermocouple is made efiective to control the motor 62 for positioning the fuel supply valve NA. During the other 180 of rotation of the cam 10, the thermocouple is effective to cause a positioning of the motor 4 and thereby indicate and record relative to the index 9 and chart I 0 the temperature at the thermocouple 3. By making the gearing H of proper ratio, I can switch the thermocouple from the motor 4 to the motor 62 as slowly or rapidly as I may desire and make the recording and controlling substantially simultaneously in operation.

I illustrate in Fig. 5 an arrangement including cold junction compensation. While cold junction compensation of a galvanometer-potentiometer circuit is well known in general, I have illustrated and will describe an improved form of such compensation. The novel device for compensating for variations in cold junction temperature is of a simple construction and does not in any way impair the accuracy of the potentiometer method of measuring potentials. In accordance with my improved method, I automatically place in parallel with the potentiometer potential, against which is balanced the thermocouple potential, an amount equal to the change in the thermocouple potential due to a variation in the temperature of the cold junction. I show a contact arm 90 formed as a bimetallic spiral and adapted to engage a slide wire resistance 8| connected to the potentiometer circuit in parallel with the slide wire I8. Upon a variation in the temperature of the cold junction of the thermocouple, to which temperature the bimetallic spiral is exposed, the contact tip 88 will move along the resistance 9| to vary the point on such resistance to which the galvanometer i9 is connected.

The accuracy of a potentiometer may be materially afiected through change in the potential drop across the slide wire resistance. It is desirable then to periodically standardize or compare the potential drop across the slide wire resistance with a standard drop or a difierent potential of known value. In this connection, I provide the constantly rotated cam 64 which travels at a speed comparatively slower than the cam 10 and once during each revolution reciprocates the contact bar 65 to an upper position. The gear ratio may be such that the cam 84 makes one revolution per day or at any interval desired.

Such reciprocation causes the free end of each of the three previously mentioned contact fin-' gers to move from a lower to an upper contact. The lowermost finger switches one of the leads of the galvanometer l8 from the terminal 4| to a source oi potential 68. The uppermost two contact fingers switch the primaries of the transformers l3, H from the conductors 66, 61 to connect to the field of the motor 69. The result is that when the switch bar 66 is in its uppermost position, with the galvanometer connected to the potential source 68 and the transformers [3, ll connected to the motor 66, if there is an unbalance through, for example, variation in the potential source 2|, then the motor 68 will be caused to move a contact arm 82 relative to a slide wire 93 which is inserted in parallel with the resistance l8. The source of potential 68 is the standardizing cell and the result is that once each revolution of the cam 64, the thermocouple 8 and the motors 4, 62 are disconnected from the potentiometer circuit and in their place is connected the standardizing cell 68 and the motor 68. Unless the potentials impressed on the galvanometer at this time are of equal magnitude, indicating a definite predetermined difference in potential between certain junction points of the circuit, the galvanometer will deflect in direction and amount dependent upon the preponderance of one potential over the other and, in a manner as described with reference to the operation of the motors 4, 62, the motor 62 will be operated to vary the amount of the resistance 93 in the potentiometer circuit and the galvanometer needle is rebalanced.

While I have illustrated the invention as relating particularly to the measurement of temperature and the use 01 thermocouples, still I contemplate that the arrangement may be utilized for the measurement and control-oi! other variables or characteristics in the operation of apparatus, and which may be 01 physical, chemical, thermal, electrical or other nature. Such variables may be flow, temperature, pressure or ratio of variables, or quantities, qualities or conditions.

While in the description and appended claims, for the sake of simplicity and clearness I have used the terms "slide wire resistance" and slide wire potentiometer", it is to be understood that I include in this term any variable resistance capable of performing the same function.

Although I have illustrated the control by the motor 62 of a fluid pressure such as air, I may equally as well use water, oil or any otherof the well-known pressure fluids.

While I have illustrated and described certain preferred embodiments of my invention, it is to be understood that I am not to be limited thereby light, a first electron discharge device controlled bythephotocellandapluralityoielectrondiacharge devices simultaneously controlled by the flrst device to produce concurrent opposite variations in current in the output circuits proportionaltothemagnitudeoithetemperaturevariation.

2. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in combination, a potentiometer circuit for positioning a galvanometer upon changes in temperature, photo-sensitive means adapted to have a current passage varying responsive to galvanometer movement, a flrst electron discharge device controlled by said current passage. a plurality of electron'discharge devices difl'erentially controlled by the flrst electron device, and a plurality oi transformers the current flow througheachoi' whichiscontrolledbyoneoithe plurality of electron devices.

3. A tmnperature measuring device comprising in combination, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, temperature responsive means for controlling energization oi the input circuit, a plurality of transformers, the secondary of each transformer connected in the output circuit 01' a related electron device whereby the impedance in said secondary is varied according to variations in current flow through the related electron device, a motor having a rotor and a plurality of fleld windings connected in the primary circuits of said transformers and for exerting opposing forces on said rotor responsive to the current flow in said primaries, and an indicator of temperature positioned by the rotor.

4. In combination, a photocell, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, the magnitude of the current passed by said photocell diflerentially selectively controlling the energimtion 01' said input circuits, operating mechanism actuated by the current in said output circuits, and means under the control of said operating mechanism for varying the current flow through said photocell.

5. The combination with a heating device, of

means separately responsive to a plurality of temperatures thereof, photo-sensitive means commonly under the control of all of said thatnamed means, recording mechanism, a recording marker for each of said temperatures and all cooperating with the recording mechanism, and means alternately making elective each of the first-named means upon its related marker through the agency of the common photo-sensitive means.

' 6. The combination with a heating apparatus, of photo-sensitive means controlled responsive to a temperature of said apparatus, an electron discharge device having an input and an output circuit, said photo-sensitive means adapted to control said input circuit, indicating means controlled by the current in said output circuit for advising the temperature, and fluid pressure actuated control means for said heating apparatus and controlled by the current in the output circuit, said indicating means and control means operating periodically alternately.

7. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, fluid pressure actuated control means for varying the rate of application of the agent, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, said control means positioned by changes in current in the output circuits, and photo-sensitive means responsive to departure from the predetermined condition i'or controlling the input circuits in accordance with the rate oi. change 01 said condition from or toward the predetermined value.

8. In combination, a heating device provided with fuel supply means, means for producing a potential representative oi a temperature of said device, photosensitive means responsive to said second-named means, a potentiometer, an indicating mechanism, fluid pressure actuated means for controlling the rate of fuel supply to said device, and means for periodically during successive increments of time bringing said indicating mechanism and during alternate periods oi time said control means under the joint control of said potentiometer and said photosensitive means.

9. In a control system for producing or maintaining a predetermined condition, in combination, a member having a neutral position and movable therefrom in accordance with deviations from said predetermined condition, photo-sensitive means controlled by movement of said member, an electron discharge device controlled by said photo-sensitive means, fluid pressure actuated regulating means for varying the application of an agent to maintain saidcondition controlled by said electron discharge device, and means controlled by the electron discharge device for restoring said member to the neutral position before said predetermined condition is established.

10. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, fluid pressure control means for varying the rate of application of said agent, an electron discharge device having an input and an output circuit, said fluid pressure actuated control means connected in the output circuit oi. the device, photo-sensitive means responsive to departure from said predetermined condition for controlling the input circuit of said device in accordance with the rate of change from or to said predetermined condition.

11. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, fluid pressure actuated control means for varying the rate of application or said agent, electro-magnetic means for controlling said fluid pressure actuated means, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, said electromagnetic means connected in the output circuits of the devices, and a photo-sensitive means responsive to departure from said predetermined condition for controlling the input circuits of said devices in accordance with the rate of change from or to said predetermined condition.

12. In combination, a deflecting member having a neutral position, photo-sensitive means con.- trolled by the deflecting member for producing a potential in accordance with the sense and extent of departure of the deflecting member from the neutral position, a pair of electron discharge devices, means controlled by the potential for concurrently biasing the grids of said devices in opposite directions in proportion to the magnitude oi the potential, electro-magnetic means controlled by the diiierence in current in the cathode-anode circuits of said devices, and means actuated by the last named means for restoring said movable member to the neutral position after departure therefrom.

13. In combination, a' deflecting member.

photo-sensitive means controlled by the deflecting member for producing a potential varying in accordance with the position of the deflecting member, an electron discharge device, means controlled by the potential for biasing the grid of the device to decrease the resistance of the cathodeanode circuit upon increase of the potential, a second electron discharge device, means controlled by the potential for biasing the grid of the second device to decrease the resistance of the cathode-anode circuit upon decrease of the potentin], and electro-magnetic means controlled by the difierence in currents in the cathode-anode circuits of said devices.

14. In combination, means for producing a potential in accordance with the magnitude of a condition, a potentiometer, a galvanometer having a neutral position connected in circuit with said means and potentiometer, means controlled by the galvanometer for producing an electrical current varying in sense and extent in accordance with the sense and extent of departure of the galvanometer from the neutral position, and a resistance traversed by said current connected into the galvanometer circuit for producing a potential opposing changes in the potential produced by the first named means.

15. In combination, an electric circuit, means for producing a current in said circuit in accordance with the magnitude of a variable, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, and means in said first named circuit for controlling the input circuits of said devices selectively in accordance with the magnitude of the current.

16. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in combination, photo-sensitive means controlled responsive to changes in the temperature to be measured, a plurality oi electron discharge devices, and means controlled by the current passed by said first named means for controlling said electron discharge devices to produce concurrent variations in the current in the output circuits of said devices.

17. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in combination, photo-sensitive means controlled responsive to changes in the temperature to be measured, a plurality of electron discharge devices, and means controlled by the current passed by said first named means for controlling said electron discharge devices to produce concurrent variations in opposite senses in the current in the output circuits 01 said devices.

18. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in combination, temperature sensitive means for positioning a galvanometer upon change in temperature, photo-sensitive means to produce a first current varying responsive to galvanometer movement, a first electron discharge device controlled by the first current to produce a second current in accordance with the first current, and a plurality oi electron discharge devices difierentially controlled in accordance with the magnitude of the second current.

19. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in combination, a potentiometer circuit for positioning a galvanometer upon changes in temperature, photo-sensitive means to produce a first current varying responsive to galvanometer movement, a first electron discharge device controlled by the first current to produce a second current in accordance with the first current, and a plurality of electron discharge devices concurrently controlled in opposite senses in accordance with the magnitude of the second current.

20. A temperature measuring apparatus comprising in'combination, a potentiometer circuit for positioning a galvanometer upon changes in temperature, photo-sensitive means to produce a first current varying responsive to galvanometer movement, a first electron discharge device controlled by the first current to produce a second current in accordance with the first current, a plurality of electron discharge devices, and means for biasing the grids of. said plurality of electron discharge devices in opposite senses in accordance with the magnitude of the second current.

21. A motor having opposed fields which when equally energized do not urge the motor to rotation, a plurality of electron discharge devices for controlling the energization of the fields, photosensitive means, and means under the control of said photo-sensitive means for selectively controlling said electron discharge devices in accordance with the magnitude of the current in the output circuit or said photo-sensitive means.

22. A motor having opposed fields which when equally energized do not urge the motor to rotation, the motor adapted to advise the value of a variable to be measured, a plurality oi. electron discharge devices differentially controlling the energization of the fields, photo-sensitive means, means under the control of said photo-sensitive means for selectively controlling said electron discharge devices in accordance with the magnitude oi the current in the output circuit of said photo-sensitive means, and means sensitive to the instantaneous value of v a variable for controlling the input circuit oi. said photo-sensitive means.

23. The combination with a thermocouple, ot a motor having normally equally energized opposed windings, photo-sensitive means under the control of the thermocouple, and means inductively regulating the energization of said opposed windings selectively controlled in accordance with the magnitude of the current in the output circuit of said photo-sensitive means.

24. The combination with means for producing an electrical efiect representative of the magnitude of a variable, oi! photo-sensitive means responsive to changes in said electrical eiIect, a motor having normally equally energized opposed windings, and means inductively regulating the energization of said windings selectively controlled in accordance with the magnitude of the current in the output circuit or said photosensitive means.

25. The combination with a heating apparatus, of photo-sensitive means controlled responsive to a temperature or said apparatus, an electron discharge device having an input and an output circuit, said photo-sensitive means adapted to control said input circuit, indicating means controlled by the current in' said output circuit for advising the temperature, and control means for said heating apparatus controlled by the current in the output circuit, said indicating means and control means operating periodically alternately.

26. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, control means for varying the rate oi. application of the agent, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output. circuit, said control means positioned by changes in current in the output circuits, and photo-sensitive means responsive to departure from the predetermined condition for controlling the input circuits in accordance with the rate or. change of said condition from or toward a predetermined value.

27. In a control system for producing or maintaining a predetermined condition, in combination, a member having a neutral position and movable therefrom in accordance with deviations from said predetermined condition, photo-sensitive means controlled by movement of said member, an electron discharge device controlled by said photo-sensitive means, regulating means controlled by said electron discharge device for varying the application of an agent to maintain said condition, and means controlled by the electron discharge device for restoring said member to the neutral position before said predetermined condition is established.

28. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, control means for varying the rate of application of said agent, an electron discharge device having an input and an output circuit, said control means connected in the output circuit of the device, and photosensitive means responsive to departure from said predetermined condition for controlling the input circuit of said device in accordance with the rate 01' change from or to said predetermined condition.

29. In a control system, in combination, means for applying an agent to produce or maintain a predetermined condition, control means for varying the rate of application of said agent, electromagnetic means for controlling said control means, a plurality of electron discharge devices each having an input and an output circuit, said electromagnetic means connected in the output circuit of the devices, and a photo-sensitive means responsive to departure from said predetermined condition for controlling the input circuit 01 said devices in accordance with the rate of change from or to said predetermined condition.

30. In combination, a movable member, means for positioning said member upon change in the magnitude of a variable, photo-sensitive means to produce a first current varying responsive to movements of said movable member, a first electron discharge device controlled by the first current to produce a second current in accordance with the first current, and a plurality of electron discharge devices differentially controlled in accordance with the magnitude of the second current.

JOHN D. RYDER. 

